The following is based on the American Sociological Association Style Guide (1997) and serves as a quick reference for students preparing papers. For information on ordering the ASA Style Guide, please visit the ASA Online Bookstore.
References in the main text:
Include the last name of the author and the year of publication. In order to avoid plagiarism (inappropriately using another person's words without proper citation), you must directly quote verbatim, using quotation marks and the name, date, and page number in parentheses, or you must paraphrase and mention the source of the idea (name and date only).
Use page numbers only when you quote an author's words:
Sociological analysis of cities is “critical to achieving far-reaching social change in this century,” according to Duncan (1959:71).
If the author's name is in the text, follow the name with the year in parentheses:
According to Duncan (1959), sociological analysis of cities is critical to creating positive social change in America.
If the author's name is not in the text, enclose both the last name and year in parentheses:
Sociological analysis of cities is critical to creating social change (Duncan 1959).
For joint authors, use both last names:
(Martin and Bailey 1988)
For institutional authorship, supply minimum identification in the text and the complete citation under References:
(U.S. Bureau of the Census 1963:117)
Separate a series of references with a semicolon:
(Burgess 1968; Maxwell 1971)
If there is no date for a publication, use "n.d." in place of the year.
For unpublished materials, use “forthcoming” to indicate material scheduled for publication. For dissertations and unpublished papers, cite the date:
(Smith, forthcoming)
For works with three authors, list all last names in the first citation in the text; thereafter use “et al.” For more than three authors, use “et al.” throughout:
(Carr, Smith, and Jones 1962), then (Carr et al. 1962)
Block quotations are presented in smaller type and are set off in a separate, indented paragraph. They are not enclosed in quotation marks:
As stated by Wright and Jacobs (1994):
Footnotes & Endnotes:
Endnotes are used to explain or amplify text, cite materials of limited availability, or append information presented in a table or figure. Number endnotes and list them at the end of your paper. Increasingly people use endnotes rather than footnotes and use either one sparingly as they tend to disrupt the flow of the text. Use footnotes and endnotes only when necessary. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page in which they originate.
Miscellaneous Style & Grammar Matters:
Foreign words in your text should be italicized. Commonly used foreign words or terms, however, should appear in regular type. Examples are per se, ad hoc, and et al.
When using an acronym, spell out the complete term the first time you use it and present the acronym in parentheses:
First use: “The Current Population Survey (CPS) includes . . . .”
Later: “CPS data show that . . .”
Equations in the text should be typed or printed. Use consecutive Arabic numerals in parentheses at the right margin to identify important equations. Align all expressions and clearly mark compound subscripts and superscripts.
Do not use abbreviations such as etc., e.g., or i.e. in your text. However, you may use these abbreviations in parenthetical information:
For example, some terms used in specific areas of sociology are not readily understood by the general sociologist (e.g., cultural capital, etc.).
Cited References (Reference List):
A bibliography includes all the works you read or scanned during the writing process. List references in alphabetical order by authors' last names. References without an author name appear at the beginning of the list. For two or more references by the same author, list them in order of the year of publication. Use six hyphens and a period (------.) in place of the name when the authorship is the same as in the preceding citation. To list two or more works by the same author from the same year, distinguish them by adding letters (a, b, c, etc.) to the year and list in alphabetical order by the title.
Sample formats:
Books:
Berlin, Gorden and Andrew Sum. 1988. Toward a More Perfect Union: Basic Skills, Poor Families, and Our Economic Future. New York: Ford Foundation.
Mason, Karen O. 1974. Women's Labor Force Participation and Fertility. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institutes of Health.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1960. Characteristics of Population. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Journal Articles:
Conger, Rand D. Forthcoming. “The Effects of Positive Feedback on Direction and Amount of Verbalization in a Social Setting.” Sociological Perspectives.
Goodman, Leo A. 1947a. “Exploratory Latent Structure Analysis Using Both Identifiable and Unidentifiable Models.” Biometrika 61:215-31.
------. 1947b. “Systems in Qualitative Variables When Some of the Variables Are Unobservable, Part I – A Modified Latent Structure Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 79:1179-1259.
In most cases, journal pages are numbered consecutively within a volume year. Therefore you can often omit the issue number. Include the issue number or month only when it is needed to distinguish one issue from another within a volume year.
Articles from Collected Works/Chapters in Books:
Clausen, John A. 1972. “The Life Course of Individuals.” Pp. 457-514 in Aging and Society, vol. 3, A Sociology of Age Stratification, edited by M. W. Riley, M. Johnson, and A. Foner. New York: Russell Sage.
Unpublished Manuscripts:
Osterman, Paul. 1990. “Welfare Participation in a Full Employment Economy: The Impact of Family Structure and Neighborhood.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Unpublished manuscript.
Mechanics:
Page Numbering: Although you count pages from the first page of the text, page numbering starts to appear on the second page (as page 2). Carry the numbers system through endnotes and references.
Tables: Number consecutively throughout the text. Place tables at the end of the paper, but refer to them in the text by number. Each table includes a descriptive title and headings for both columns and rows.
Figures and Other Artwork: Number consecutively throughout the text. Place figures at the end of the paper, but refer to them in the text by number. Each figure must have a descriptive title and appropriate headings.
For more information . . . check out these references:
American Sociological Association. 1997. American Sociological Association Style Guide. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
Becker, Howard S. 1986. Writing for the Social Sciences. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Krenzin, Joan and James Kanan. 1997. Handbook of the Mechanics of Paper, Thesis, and Dissertation Preparation. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
The Sociology Writing Group. 1998. A Guide to Writing Sociology Papers. 4th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Don't forget to check your spelling!
